Deskilling and upskilling with AI systems

<p>Introduction. Deskilling is a long-standing prediction of the use of information technology, raised anew by the increased capabilities of AI (AI) systems. A review of studies of AI applications suggests that deskilling (or levelling of ability) is a common outcome but systems can also require new skills, i.e., upskilling.<br>Method. To identify which settings are more likely to yield deskilling vs. upskilling, we propose a model of a human interacting with an AI system for a task.